References
A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Q R S T
U V W X
Y Z in Japanese
A
Abe E, Hayashi Y, Hama Y, Hayashi M, Inagaki M, Ito M. (2006) A
novel phosphatidylcholine which contains pentadecanoic acid at sn-1 and
docosahexaenoic acid at sn-2 in
Schizochytrium
sp. F26-b. J Biochem 140: 247-253
Abril JR, Barclay WR, Abril PG (2000) Safe use of microalgae
(DHA GOLDTM) in laying hen feed for the production of DHA-enriched
eggs. In: Sim JS, Nakai S, Guenter W (Eds) Egg Nutrition and
Biotechnology. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 197–202
Abril R, Garrett J, Zeller SG, Sander WJ, Mast RW (2003) Safety
assessment of DHA-rich microalgae from
Schizochytrium sp. Part V:
target animal safety/toxicity study in growing swine. Regul
Toxicol Pharmacol 37(1): 73-82
Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR,
Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Frederico S, James TY, Karpov S,
Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn HD, Mann DG,
Mccourt RM, Mendoza L, Mosterup O, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA,
Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Spiegel FW, Taylor MFJR (2005) The new
higher-level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy
of protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 52: 399-451
Aki T, Hachida K, Yoshinaga M, Katai Y, Yamasaki T, Kawamoto S,
Kakizono T, Maoka T, Shigeta S, Suzuki O, Ono K (2003) Thraustochytrid
as a potential source of carotenoids. J Am Oil Chem Soc 80:
789-794
Aki T, Suzuki O (2001) Biosnsthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in
Labyrinthula. Aquabiology 23:
46-51 (in Japanese)
Alderman DJ, Harrison JL, Bremer GB, Jones EBG (1974) Taxonomic
revisions in the marine biflagellate fungi. The ultrastructural
evidence. Marine Biol 25: 345-357
Alderman DJ, Jones EBG (1971) Physiological requirements of two
marine phycomycetes,
Althornia
crouchii and
Ostracoblabe
implexa. Trans
Br mycol Soc 57: 213-225
Alderman DJ, Polglase JL (1986) Are fungal diseases significant in the
marine environment? In Moss ST (Ed) The Biology of Marine Fungi.
Cambridge University. Press, London, UK, pp. 189-198
Amon JP, French KH (2004) Photoresponses of the marine protist
Ulkenia sp. zoospores to
ambient, artificial and bioluminescent light.
Mycologia 96: 463-469
Amon JP, Perkins FO (1968) Structure of
Labyrinthula sp.
zoospores. J protozool 15: 543-546
Anderson RS, Kraus BS, McGladdery SE, Reece KS, Stokes NA (2003)
A thraustochytrid protist isolated from
Mercenaria mercenaria:
molecular characterization and host defense responses. Fish
Shellfish
Immunol 15: 183-194
Anbu P, Kim DU, Jeh EJ, Jeong YS, Hur BK (2007) Investigation of the
physiological properties and synthesis of PUFAs from thraustochytrids
and its electrophoretic karyotypes. Biotechnology and Bioprocess
Engineering 12: 720-729
Armenta RE, Burja A, Radianingtyas H, Barrow CJ (2006) Critical
assessment of various techniques for the extraction of carotenoids and
Co-enzyme Q10 from the thraustochytrid strain ONC-T18. J Agric
Food Chem 54: 9752–9758
Ashford A, Barclay WR, Weaver CA, Giddings TH, Zeller S (2000) Electron
microscopy may reveal structure of docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil within
Schizochytrium sp.
Lipids 35: 1377–1386
Azevedo C, Corral L (1997) Some ultrastructural observations of
a
thraustochytrid (Protoctista, Labyrinthulomycota) from the clam
Ruditapes decussatus
(Mollusca, Bivalvia). Diseases of Aquatic
Organisms 31: 73-78
Arment RE, Burja A, Radianingtyas H, Barrow CJ (2006) Critical
assessment of various techniques for the extraction of carotenoids and
co-enzyme Q10 from the thraustochytrid strain ONC-T18. J Agric
Food Chem
54: 9752-9758
Armstrong E, Rogerson A, Leftley JW (2000) Utilisation of seaweed
carbon by three surface associated heterotrophic
protists,
Stereomyxa ramosa,
Nitzschia alba and
Labyrinthula sp. Aquat
Microb Ecol 21: 49-57
Artemtchuk NJ (1972) The fungi of the White Sea. III. New
phycomycetes,discovered in the great Salma Strait of the Kandalakshial
Bay. Veröff lnst Meeresforsch Bremerh 13: 231-237
Ashford A, Barclay WR, Weaver CA, Giddings TH, Zeller S (2000) Electro
Microscopy May Reveal Structure of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Oil Within
Schizochytrium sp. Lipids 35:
1377-1386
Athalye SK, Garcia RA, Wen Z (2009) Use of biodiesel-deviced crude
glycerol for producing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by the fungus
Pythium irregulare. J Agric Food Chem 57: 2739-2744
Augustyn OPH, Kogk JLF, Ferreira D (1990) Differentiation between
yeast species, and strains within a species, by cellular fatty acid
analysis. 3.
Saccharomyces
sensu lato,
Arxiozyma and
Pachytichospora. System Appl
Microbiol 13: 44-55
Awaji M, Machii A, Nakamura HK, Wada KT (1989) Characterization of
a zoosporic fungus appearing in primary cultures of the Kuruma Prawn
Midgut Gland. Bull Natl Res Inst Aquaculture 15: 19-27
Azevedo C, Corral L (1997) Some ultrastructural observations of a
thraustochytrid (Protoctista, Labyrinthulomycota) from the clam
Ruditapes decussates
(Mollusca, Bivalvia). Dis Aquat Org 31: 73-78
<PDF>
B
Bahnweg G (1979a) Studies on
the physiology of thraustochytriales I. Growth requirements and
nitrogen nutrition of
Thraustochytrium
spp.,
Schizochytrium sp.,
Japoochytrium sp.,
Ulkenia spp., and
Labyrinthuloides spp. Veröff Inst
Meeresforsch Bremerhaven 17: 245–268
Bahnweg G (1979b) Studies on the physiology of thraustochytriales II.
Carbon nutrition of
Thraustochytrium
spp.,
Schizochytrium sp.,
Japoochytrium sp.,
Ulkenia spp., and
Labyrinthuloides spp. Veröff
Inst Meeresforsch Bremerhaven 17: 269–273
Bahnweg G, Sparrow FK (1972)
Aplanochytrium
kerguelensis gen.
nov. spec. nov., a new phycomycete from subantarctic marine
waters.
Arch Mikrobiol 81: 45-49
Bahnweg G, Sparrow FK (1974a) Four new species of
Thraustochytrium
from antartic regions, with notes on the distribution of zoosporic
fungi in the anatric marine ecosystems. Amer J Bot 61: 754-766
Bahnweg G, Sparrow FK (1974b) Occurrence, distribution and kinds of
zoosporic fungi in subantarctic and Antarctic waters. Veroff Inst.
Meeresforsch Bremerh Suppl 5: 149-157.
Bailey RB, DiMasi D, Hansen JM, Mirrasoul PJ, Ruecker CM, Veeder
III, George T, Kaneko T, Barclay WR (2003) Enhanced production of
lipids containing poloyunsaturated fatty acids by very high density
cultures of eukaryotic microbes in fermentors. United States Patent
6,607,900
Bajpai PK, Bajpai P, Ward OP (1991) Optimization of production of
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by
Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304. J Am
Oil Chem Soc 68: 509–514
Bajpai P., Bajpai P. K., Ward O. P. (1991) Production of
docosahexaenoic acid by
Thraustochytrium
aureum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 35: 706-710
Barclay WR (1994a) Food product having high concentrations of omega-3
highly unsaturated fatty acids. US Patent 5,340,594
Barclay WR (1994b) Process for growing
Thraustochytrium and
Schizochytrium using
non-chloride salts to produce a micro-floral
biomass having omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. US Patent
5,340,742
Barclay W, Zeller S (1996) Nutritional enhancement of n-3 and n-6 fatty
acids in rotifers and
Artemia nauplii
by feeding spray-dried
Schizochytrium sp. J
World Aquac Soc 27: 314–322
Barclay WR, Weaver C, Metz J (2005) Development of a docosahexaenoic
acid production technology using
Schizochytrium:
a historical
perspective. In: Cohen Z, Ratledge C (Eds) Single cell oil. AOCS,
Champaign, Illinois, pp. 36– 47
Barr DJ (1981) The phylogenetic and taxonomic implications of flagellar
rootlet morphology among zoosporic fungi. BioSystems 14(3):
359-370
Barr DJS, Allan PME (1985) A comparison of the flagellar
apparatus in
Phytophthora,
Saprolegnia,
Thraustochytrium, and
Rhizidiomyces. Can J Bot 63:
138-154.
Barr DJS (1992) Evolution and Kingdoms of organisms from the
perspective of a mycologist. Mycologia 84: 1-11.
Bartsch G (1971) [Cytologic studies of Labyrinthula coenocystis
Schmoller in different culture conditions] Z Allg Mikrobiol 11(2): 79-90
Battaglene SC, Seymour JE, Ramofafia C, Lane I (2002) Spawning
induction of three tropical sea cucumbers,
Holothuria scabra,
H.
fuscogilva and
Actinopyga
mauritiana. Aquaculture 207: 29-47 <
Link>
Belsky MM, Goldstein S (1964) Glucose matabolism of
Thraustochytrium
roseum, a nonfilamentous marine phycomycete. Arch
Mikrobiol 49:
375-382
Bent E, Loffredo A, Yang JI, McKenry MV, Becker JO, Borneman J. (2009)
Investigations into peach seedling stunting caused by a replant
soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 68(2): 192-200
Bigelow DM, Olsen MW, Gilbertson RL (2005)
Labyrinthula terrestris sp. nov., a
new pathogen of turf grass. Mycologia 97: 185-190
<PDF>
Boeckaert C, Fievez V, Van Hecke D, Verstraete W, Boon N (2007) Changes
in rumen biohydrogenation intermediates and ciliate protozoa diversity
after algae supplementation to dairy cattle. European Journal of
Lipid Science and Technology 109(8): 767-777
Boeckaert C, Vlaeminck B, Dijkstra J, Issa-Zacharia A, Van Nespen T,
Van Straalen W, Fievez V. (2008) Effect of dietary starch or micro
algae supplementation on rumen fermentation and milk fatty acid
composition of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 91(12): 4714-4727
<
Link>
Boenigk J, Arndt H (2002) Bacterivory by heterotrophic flagellates:
community structure and feeding strategies. Antonie van
Leewenhoek 81:
465–480.
Bongiorni L, Dini F (2002) Distribution and abundance of
thraustochytrids in different Mediterranean coastal habitats.
Aquatic Microbial Ecology 30: 49-56
Bongiorni L., Dini F. (2004) Thraustochytrids, fungoid protists in
mediterranean sandy shores. Marine Biotechnology 6 : 71-75
Bongiorni L, Jain R, Raghukumar S, Aggarwal RK (2005)
Thraustochytrium gaertnerium
sp. nov.: a new thraustochytrid
stramenopilan protist from mangroves of Goa, India. Protist 156: 303-315
Bongiorni L, Mirto S, Pusceddu A, Danovaro R. (2005) Response of
benthic protozoa and thraustochytrid protists to fish farm impact in
seagrass (
Posidonia oceanica)
and soft-bottom sediments. Microb
Ecol 50(2): 268-276
Bongiorni L, Pignataro L, Santangelo G (2004) Thraustochytrids (fungoid
protists): an unexplored component of marine sediment microbiota.
Scientia Marina 68(supp. 1): 43-48
Bongiorni L, Pusceddu A, Danovaro R (2005) Enzyme activities of
epiphytic and benthic thraustochytrids involved in organic matter
degradation. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 41: 299-305.
Booth T, Miller CE (1968) Comparative morphological and taxonomic
studies in the genus
Thraustochytrium.
Mycologia. 60: 480-496
Booth T, Miller CE (1969) Morphological development of an isolate
of
Schizochytrium aggregatum.
Can J Bot 47: 2051-2054
Bower SM (1987)
Labyrinthuloides
haliotidis n. sp. (Protozoa:
Labyrinthumorpha), a pathogenic parasite of small, juvenile abalone in
a British Columbia mariculture facility. Can J Zool 65:
1996–2007
Bower SM, McLean N, Whitaker DJ (1989a) Mechanism of infection
by
Labyrinthuloides haliotidis
(Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha). J
Invertebr Pathol 53: 401-409.
Bower SM, Whitaker DJ, Voltolina D (1989b) Resistance to ozone
of zoospores of the thraustochytrid abalone parasite,
Labyrinthuloides haliotidis
(Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha). Aquaculture 78: 147-152.
Bowles RD, Hunt AE, Bremer GB, Duchars MG, Eaton RA (1999)
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid production by members of the
marine protistan group the thraustochytrids: screening of isolates and
optimization of docosahexaenoic acid production. J Biotechnol 70:
193-202
Bremer GB (1995) Lower marine fungi (labyrinthulomycetes) and the
decay of mangrove leaf litter. Hydrobiologia 295: 89-95
<PDF>;
erratum
<PDF>
Bremer G.B. and Talbot G. (1995): Cellulolytic enzyme activity in the
marine protist
Schizocbytrium
aggregatum. Bot. Mar. 38, 37-41
Bugge DM, Allam B (2007) Effects of starvation and macroalgae extracts
on the survival and growth of quahog parasite unknown (QPX). J
Exp Mar Biol Ecol 348: 60–69.
Bumpus SB, Magarvey NA, Kelleher NL, Walsh CT, Calderone CT (2008)
Polyunsaturated fatty-acid-like trans-enoyl reductases utilized in
polyketide biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 130: 11614–11616.
<
Link>
Burja AM, Armenta RE, Radianingtyas H, Barrow CJ (2007) Evaluation of
fatty acid extraction methods for
Thraustochytrium
sp. ONC-T18. J Agric Food Chem 55(12): 4795-4801
Burja AM, Radianingtyas H, Windust A, Barrow CJ (2006) Isolation and
characterization of polyunsaturated fatty acid producing
Thraustochytrium species: screening of strains and optimization of
omega-3 production. App Microbiol Biotechnol 72: 1161–1169
C
Carmona ML, Naganuma T, Yamanoka Y (2003) Identification by
HPLC-MS carotenoids of the Thraustochytrium CHN-1 strain isolated from
the Seto Island Sea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 67: 884-888
Carter CG, Bransden MP, Lewis TE, Nichols PD (2003) Potential of
thraustochytrids to partially replace fish oil in Atlantic salmon
feeds. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 5(5): 480-492
Carter CG, Lewis TE, Nichols PD (2003) Comparison of cholestane and
yttrium oxide as digestibility markers for lipid components in Atlantic
salmon (
Salmo salar L.)
diets.
Aquaculture 225: 341-351
Cathrine SJ, Raghukumar C (2009) Anaerobic denitrification in fungi
from the coastal marine sediments off Goa, India. Mycol Res 113:
100-109 <
Link>
Cavalier-Smith T (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol.
Rev. 73, 203–266.
Cavalier-Smith T (1997) Sagenista and Bigyra, two phyla of
heterotrophic heterokont Chromists. Archiv für Protistenkunde 148:
253-267
Cavalier-Smith T, Allsopp MTEP (1996)
Corallochytrium,
an enigmatic non-flagellate protozoan related to choanoflagellates.
Europ J Protistol 32: 306-310
Cavalier-Smith T, Allsopp MTEP, Chao EE (1994) Thraustochytrids are
chromists, not fungi: 18S r RNA signature of Heterokonta. Phil Trans R
Soc Lond B Biol Sci 346: 387–397
Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EEY (2006) Phylogeny and megasystematics
of phagotrophic heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista). J Mol Evol 62:
388–420
Cejp (1959)
Chakraborty DK (1974) On the ecology of the infection of the marine
diatom
Coscinodiscus granii
by
Lagenisma coscindisci in
the Weser
estuary. Veroff Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerh. Supplement 5: 115-122
Chamberlain AHL (1980) Cytochemical studies on the cell walls of
Thraustochytrium spp. Bot Mar
23: 669–677
Chamberlain AHL, Moss ST (1988) The thraustochytrids: a protist
group with mixed affinities. BioSystems 21: 341-349
Chen JQ, Jiang XZ, Liu LX, Huang JZ (2007) Expression of
Thraustochytrium sp. FJN-10
Delta ^4-Desaturase Gene in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Microbiology (Beijing) 34(6): 1154-1157
Chen LZ (2009) Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid by Fed-batch
Cultivation of
Schizochytrium
sp. Xiamen University Natural Science 48(1): 88-93
Chen SF, Chien CY (2002) Six proliferous species of
Thraustochytrium from Taiwan.
Taiwania 47: 106-114.
<PDF>
Chi Z, Hu B, Liu Y, Frear C, Wen Z, Chen S (2007) Production of omega-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids from cull potato using an algae culture
process. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 137-140(1): 805-815
Chi Z, Liu Y, Frear C, Chen S (2009) Study of a two-stage growth of
DHA-producing marine algae
Schizochytrium
limacinum SR21 with shifting dissolved oxygen level. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 81(6): 1141-1148
Chi Z, Pyle D, Wen Z, Frear C, Chen S (2007) A laboratory study of
producing docosahexaenoic acid from biodiesel-waste glycerol by
microalgal fermentation. Process Biochem 42: 1537-1545
<Link>
Chin HJ, Shen TF, Su HP, Ding ST (2006)
Schizochytrium limacinum
SR-21 as a source of docosahexaenoic acid: optimal growth and use as a
dietary supplement for laying hens. Australian Journal of
Agricultural Research 57(1): 13-20
Cho DW, Song SK, Kim WH, Hur BK (2005) Effect of Operating Factors on
the Growth and DHA Biosynthesis of
Thraustochytrium
aureum ATCC 34304. Korean Journal of Microbiology and
Biotechnology 33(1): 51-55
Cienkowski L (1867) Über den Bau und die Entwickelung der
Labyrinthuleen. Arch Mikrosk Anat 3: 274-310
<Link>
Cohen Z, Ratleldge C (2005) Single cell oil. AOCS, Champagne, Illinois
Colaco A, Raghukumar C, Mohandass C, Cardigos F, Santos RS (2006)
Effect of shallow-water venting in Azores on a few marine biota.
Cah
Biol Mar 47: 359–364
Coleman NK, Vestal JR (1987) An epifluorescent microscopy study of
enzymatic hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate associated with the
ectoplasmic net elements of the protist Thraustochytrium
striatum. Can J Microbiol 33: 841–843
<Link>
Cox SL, Hulston D, Maas EW (2009) Cryopreservation of marine
thraustochytrids (Labyrinthulomycetes). Cryobiology (in press)
Cox B, Mackin J (1974) Studies on a new species of Labyrinthula
(Labyrinthulales) isolated from the marine gastropod Thais haemastoma
floridana. Trans. Am. Micr* Soc* 93: 62-70.
Craven KD, Peterson PD, Windham DE, Mitchell TK, Martin
SB (2005) Molecular identification of the turf grass rapid blight
pathogen. Mycologia 97: 160–166
D
Dahl SF, Perrigaulta M, Allam
B (2008) Laboratory transmission studies of QPX disease in the hard
clam: Interactions between different host strains and pathogen
isolates. Aquaculture 280: 64-70
Damare V, Raghukumar S (2008)
Abundance of thraustochytrids and bacteria in the equatorial Indian
Ocean, in relation to transparent exopolymeric particles (TEPs). FEMS
Microbiol Ecol 65(1): 40-49
Damude HG, Kinney AJ (2007)
Engineering oilseed plants for a sustainable, land-based source of long
chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 42:179–185
Dang DH, Nakahara T (2008) Comparison of Labyrinthulid Strains L4 and
L75 by Fatty Acid Composition and Characteristics. Journal of
Fisheries Science and Technology 11(3): 149-158
Darley WM, Porter D, Fuller MS (1973) Cell wall composition
andsynthesis via Golgi-directed scale formation in the marine
eukaryote,
Schizochytrium aggregatum,
with a note on
Thraustochytrium
sp. Arch. Mikrobiol. 90: 89–106
den Hartog C., Vergeer L.H.T. and Rismondo A.F. (1996): Occurrence of
Labyrintbula zosterae in
Zostera marina from Venice Lagoon. Bot. Mar.
39, 23-26.
Diez B, Pedros-Alio C, Marsh TL, Massana R (2001) Application of
denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to study the diversity
of marine picoeukaryotic assemblages and comparison of DGGE with other
molecular techniques. Appl Environ Microbiol 67(7): 2942-2951
Douhan GW, Olsen MW, Herrell A, Winder C, Wong F, Entwistle K (2009)
Genetic diversity of
Labyrinthula
terrestris, a newly emergent plant
pathogen, and the discovery of new Labyrinthulid organisms. Mycol Res
(in press)
Dove ADM, Bowser PR, Cerrato RM (2004) Histological analysis of an
outbreak of QPX disease in hard clams
Mercenaria
mercenaria in New
York. J Aquat Anim Health 16: 246–250.
Dufosse L, Galaup P, Yaron A, Malis-Arad S, Blanc P, Chidrambara-Murthy
K, Ravishankar G (2005) Microorganisms and microalgae as sources of
pigments for food use: a scientific oddity or an industrial reality?
Trends Food Sci Technol 16:389–406
Dykova I, Fiala I, Dvorakova H, Peckova H (2008) Living together: the
marine amoeba
Thecamoeba hilla
Schaeffer, 1926 and its endosymbiont
Labyrinthula sp. Eur J
Protistol 44(4): 308-316
E
Ellenbogen B, Aaronson S, Goldstein S, Belsky M (1969) Polyunsaturated
fatty acids of aquatic fungi: possible phylogenetic significance.
Comp Biochem Physiol 29: 805-811
Elston RA (????) Other diseases, other molluscs.
<PDF>
Entwistle CA, Olsen MW, Bigelow DM (2006) First report of a
Labyrinthula spp. causing rapid blight of
Agrostis capillaris and
Poa
annua on amenity turfgrass in the UK. Plant Pathlogy
55(2):
306-306
F
Fan KW, Chen F (2007a) Production of high-value products by marine
microalgae thraustocytrids. In: Yang S-T (ed) Bioprocessing for
value-added products from renewable resources. New Technologies and
Applications. Amsterday, Elsevier, pp 293–324
Fan KW, Chen F, Jones EGB, Vrijmoed LLP. (2001) Eicosapentaenoic
and docosahexaenoic acids production by and okara-utilizing potential
of thraustochytrids. Journal of Industrial Microbiology &
Biotechnology 27: 199-202
<Link>
Fan KW, Jiang Y, Faan Y-W, Chen F (2007b) Lipid characterization of
mangrove thraustochytrid―
Schizochytrium
mangrovei. J Agric Food Chem
55:2906–2210
Fan KW, Jiang Y, Ho LT, Chen F (2009) Differentiation in fatty acid
profiles of pigmented and nonpigmented Aurantiochytrium isolated from
Hong Kong mangroves. J Agric Food Chem 57: 6334-6341.
Fan KW, Vrijmoed LLP, Jones EBG (2002) Physiological studies of
subtropical mangrove thraustochytrids. Bot Mar 45: 50–57
Fan KW, Vrijmoed LLP, Jones EBG (2002) Zoospore chemotaxis of mangrove
thraustochytrids from Hong Kong. Mycologia 94: 569-578
<PDF>
Felsenstein J (1981) Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a
maximum likelihood approach. J Mol Evol.17: 368-376
Ford SE, Kraeuter JN, Barber RD, Mathis G (2002) Aquaculture associated
factors in QPX disease of hard clams: density and seed source.
Aquaculture 208: 23–38.
Frank U, Rabinowitz C. Rinkevich B (1994) In vitro establishment
of continuous cell cultures and cell lines from ten colonial
cnidarians. Marine Biology 120: 491-499
Franklin ST, Martin KR, Baer RJ, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR (1999)
Dietary marine algae (
Schizochytrium
sp.) increases concentrations of conjugated linoleic, docosahexaenoic
and transvaccenic acids in milk of dairy cows. J Nutr 129(11): 2048-2054
G
Gaertner A. (1966):
Vorkommen, Physiologie und Verteilung "Mariner niederer Pilze" (Aquatic
Phycomycetes). Veroff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerh., Suppl. 2, 221-236.
Gaertner A. (1967): Niedere mit Pollen koderbare Pilze in dersudlichen
Nordsee. Veroff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerh. 10, 159-165.
Gaertner A (1967) Okologische Untersuchungen an einem marinen Pilz aus
der Umgebung on Helgoland. Helgolander wiss. Meeresuntersuchungen 15:
181-192
Gaertner A (1968a) Eine methode des quantitativen nechweises
nieberer, mit pollen koderbarer pilze im meerwasser und im sediment.
Veröff Inst Meeresforsch Bremerh Supple 3: 75-92
Gaertner A (1968b) Die Fluktuationen mariner niederer Pilze in der
Deutschen Bucht 1965 und 1966. Veröff Inst Meeresforsch Bremerh
Sonderband 3: 105-120
Gaertner A (1968) Niedere, mit Pollen koderbare marine Pilze dies seits
und jenseits des Island Faroer Ruckens im Oberflachenwasser und im
Sediment. Veröff Inst Meeresforsch Bremerh 11: 65-82
Gaertner A. (1969) Marine niedere Pilze in Nordsee und Nordatlantik.
Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 82: 287-306.
Gaertner A (1970) Beobachtungen uber die Sporulation der dick-wandigen
Sporangien von Thraustochytrium kinnei Gaertner. Veröff Inst
Meeresforsch Bremerh 12: 321-327
Gaertner A (1971) Thraustochytrium kinnei (Thraustochytriaceae)
Vegetative Entwicklung. Encyclopaedia Cinematographica (Editor: G
Wolf)
Gaertner A (1972) Sporulation bei Thraustochytiaceae. Institut
fur den Wissenschaftlichen Film
Gaertner A (1972) Characters used in the classification of
thraustochytriaceous fungi. Veröff Inst Meeresforsch Bremerh 13: 183-194
Gaertner A (1974) Vorkommen und Verteilung mariner niederer Pilze in
der Nordsee und im Nordmeerbecken. Veröff Inst Meeresforsch
Bremerh Suppl 5: 123-147
Gaertner A (1974) Aminoverbindungen, Vitamine und Purinkorper als
Nahrstoffkomponenten einiger Thraustochytriaceae. Veröff Inst
Meeresforsch Bremerh Suppl 5: 221-236
Gaertner A (1977) Revision of the Thraustochytriaceae (lower
marine fungi) 1.
Ulkenia nov.
gen. with description of three new
species. Veröff Inst Meeresforsch Bremerh 16: 169-157
Gaertner A (1979) Some fungal parasites found in the diatom populations
of the Rusfjord area (South Norway) during March 1979. Veroeff. Inst.
Meeresforsch. Bremerhav. 18: 29–33.
Gaertner A (1981) A new marine phycomycete,
Schizochytrium
minutum, sp. nov. (Thraustochytriaceae) from Saline Habitats.
Veröff
Inst Meeresforsch Bremerh 19: 61-69
Gaertner A (1982) Lower marine fungi from the Northwest African
upwelling areas and from the Atlantic off Portugal. "Meteor"
Forschungs-Ergebnisse D 34: 9-30
Gaerther A. and Raghukumar, S. (1980): Ecology of thraustochytrids
(lower marine fungi) in the Fladen Ground and other parts of the North
sea . I. "Meteor" Forschungsergebnisse A, No. 22: 165-185.
Ganuza E, Anderson AJ, Ratledge C (2008) High-cell-density cultivation
of
Schizochytrium sp. in an
ammonium/pH-auxostat fed-batch system. Biotechnology Letters 30:
1559-1564
<Link>
Ganuza E, Benítez-Santana T, Atalah E, Vega-Orellana O, Ganga R,
Izquierdo MS (2008)
Crypthecodinium
cohnii and
Schizochytrium
sp. as potential substitutes to fisheries-derived oils from seabream (
Sparus aurata) microdiets.
Aquaculture 277: 109–116
<PDF>
Ganuza E, Izquierdo MS (2007) Lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium
G13/2S produced in continuous culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 76(5):
985-990
Gast RJ, Cushman E, Moran DM, Uhlinger KR, Leavitt D, Smolowitz R
(2006) DGGE-based detection method for Quahog Parasite Unknown
(QPX). Dis Aquat Org 70: 115–122
Gast RJ, Moran DM, Audemard C, Lyons MM, DeFavari J, Reece KS, Leavitt
D, Smolowitz R (2008) Environmental distribution and persistence of
Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX). Dis. Aquat. Org. 81: 219–229.
Goldstein S (1963) Development and nutrition of new species of
Thraustochytrium. Am J Bot 50 (3): 271-279
Goldstein S (1973) Zoosporic marine fungi (Thraustochytriaceae
and Dermocystidiaceae). Ann Rev Microbiol 27: 13-26
Grant J, Tekle YI, Anderson OR, Patterson DJ, Katz LA (2009) Multigene
evidence for the placement of a heterotrophic amoeboid lineage
Leukarachnion sp. among
photosynthetic stramenopiles. Protist 160(3): 376-385
H
Haeckel E (1868) Monographie der moneren. Jena Z Med Naturwiss,
medicinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft, Jena, 4: pp 64-137
Hammond BG, Mayhew DA, Holson JF, Nemec MD, Mast RW, Sander WJ (2001)
Safety assessment of DHA-rich microalgae from
Schizochytrium sp. Regul Toxicol
Pharmacol 33(2): 205-217
Hammond BG, Mayhew DA, Kier LD, Mast RW, Sander WJ (2002) Safety
assessment of DHA-rich microalgae from
Schizochytrium sp. Regul Toxicol
Pharmacol 35(2): 255-265
Hammond BG, Mayhew DA, Naylor MW, Ruecker FA, Mast RW, Sander WJ (2001)
Safety assessment of DHA-rich microalgae from Schizochytrium sp. Regul
Toxicol Pharmacol 33(2): 192-204
Hammond, BG, Mayhew, DA, Robinson, K, Mast, RW, Sander, WJ. Safety
assessment of DHA-rich microalgae from Schizochytrium sp. Regul Toxicol
Pharmacol 2001;33(3):356-362
Harel M, Ben-Dov E, Rasoulouniriana D, Siboni N, Kramarsky-Winter E,
Loya Y, Barak Z, Wiesman Z, Kushmaro A (2008) A new Thraustochytrid,
strain Fng1, isolated from the surface mucus of the hermatypic coral
Fungia granulosa. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 64(3): 378-387
Harel M, Koven W, Lein I, Bar Y, Behrens P, Stubblefield J, Zohar Y,
Place AR (2002) Advanced DHA, EPA and ArA enrichment materials for
marine aquaculture using single cell heterotrophs. Aquaculture 213:
347-362
Harrison, J.L., Jones, E.B.G., 1974. Zoospore discharge in
Thraustochytrium striatum. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 62: 283–288.
Harper, J.T., Waanders, E., Keeling, P.J., 2005. On the monophyly of
chromalveolates using a six-protein phylogeny of eukaryotes. Int. J.
Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 487–496.
Hauvermale A, Kuner J, Rosenzweig B, Guerra D, Diltz S, Metz JG (2006)
Fatty acid production in Schizochytrium sp.: involvement of a
polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase and a type I fatty acid synthase.
Lipids 41:739–747
Hayashi M, Matsumoto R (2001) Ultilization of Thraustochytrid for
fishery feed. Aquabiology 23: 57-61 (in Japanese)
Hayashi M, Matsumoto R, Yoshimatsu T, Tanaka S, Shimizu S (2002)
Isolation of highly DHA-accumulated Labyrinthulales and their
utilization for nutritional enrichment of rotifers and Artemia.
Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 68(5): 674-678
Hayashi M, Yukino T, Watanabe F, Miyamoto E, Nakano Y (2007) Effect of
vitamin B-12 enriched thraustochytrids on the population growth of
rotifers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 221–225
Haydock SF, Aparicio JF, Molnar I, Schwecke T, Khaw LE, Konig A,
Marsden AF, Galloway IS, Staunton J, Leadlay PF (1995) Divergent
sequence motifs correlated with the substrate specificity of
(methyl)malonyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein transacylase domains in
modular polyketide synthases. FEBS Lett 374: 246–248.
Heintzelman MB (2006) Cellular and molecular mechanics of gliding
locomotion in eukaryotes. Int Rev Cytol 251: 79-129
Hien HM, Hong ED (2009) Expression of genes encoding for enzyme
elongase involved in DHA biosynthesis from
Labyrinthula - A heterotrophic
marine algae riched in omega-3. Tap Chi Hoa Hoc 46: 763-771
Hily C, Raffin C, Brun A, den Hartog C (2002) Spatio-temporal
variability of wasting disease symptoms in eelgrass meadows of Brittany
(France). Aquatic Botany 72(1): 37-53
Hoehnk W, Ulken A (1979) Pilze aus marinen Schwaemmen. Ver. Institut.
Meeresforsch. Bremerh. 17: 99-204
Hofer HW, Pette D, Schwab-Stey H, Schwab D (1972) Enzyme activity
pattern and mitochondrio-cytoplasmic relations in protozoa. Comparative
study of
Tetrahymena pyriformis,
Allogromia laticollaris, and
Labyrinthula coenocystis. J
Protozool 19(3): 532-537
Hohl HR (1966) The fine structure of the slimeways in
Labyrinthula. J Protozool 13(1):
41-43
<link>
Kazama FY, Schornstein KL (1972) Herpes-type virus particles associated
with a fungus. Science 177: 696–697.
Kazama FY, Schornstein KL (1973) Ultra-structure of a fungus
herpes-type virus. Virology 52: 478–487.
Kazama FY, Zachary AL, Schornstein KL (1975) Observation on
Thraustochytrium sp.:
development and behavior in culture. Can J Bot
53: 360-374
Kegang W, Xianghua C, Liansheng Y (2003) Effects of Phytohormones on
Growth and DHA Production by
Thraustochytrium
roseum. Acta Microbiologica Sinica (Chinese edition) 43:
111-115
Kendrick A, Ratledge C (1992) Lipids of selected molds grown for
production of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 27: 15–20
Kimura H, Fukuba T, Naganuma T (1999) Biomass of thraustochytrid
protoctists in coastal water. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 189: 27–33
Kimura H, Naganuma T(2001) Ecological roles of thraustochytrids in
coastal waters. Aquabiology 23: 19-25 (in Japanese)
Kimura H, Sato M, Sugiyama C, Naganuma T (2001) Coupling of
thraustochytrids and POM, and of bacterio- and phytoplankton in a
semi-enclosed coastal area: implication for different substrate
preference by the planktonic decomposers. Aquatic Microbial
Ecology 25: 293-300
Kiy T, Rusing M, Fabritius D (2005) Producion of docosahexaenoic acid
by the marine Microalga,
Ulkenia
sp. in: Cohen Z, Ratledge C (Eds.), Single Cell Oils AOCS Press, pp.
99–106.
Kleinschuster SJ, Smolowitz R, Parent J (1998) In vitro life cycle and
propagation of Quahog Parasite Unknown. J. Shellfish Res.
17:75–78.
Klie H, Mach F (1968) [Light and electron microscopic studies of the
effect of
Labyrinthula enzyme
on bacterial and yeast cells] Z Allg
Mikrobiol 8(5): 385-395
Klie H, Schwartz W (1969) [Nutrition physiology of
Labyrinthula coenocystis Schmoller]
Z Allg Mikrobiol 9(1): 17-30
Kobayashi Y, Ookubo M (1953) Studies on the marine Phycomycetes.
Bull Natio Sci Mus Tokyo 33: 53-65
Konno, K. (1969): Studies on the Japanese lower aquatic phycomycetes
II, on Thraustochytrium collected from a seaweed. Trans. Mycol. Soc.
Japan 10, 9-13.
Kreger-van Rij (1984) The yeasts, a taxonomic study.
North-Holland, Amsterdam
Kumon Y, Kamisaka Y, Tomita N, Kimura K, Uemura H, Yokochi T, Yokoyama
R, Honda D. (2008) Isolation and characterization of a
Delta5-desaturase from
Oblongichytrium
sp. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72(8): 2224-2227
Kumon Y, Yokochi T, Nakahara T, Yamaoka M, Mito K (2002) Production of
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by monoxenic growth of
labyrinthulids on oil-dispersed agar medium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
60:275–280
Kumon Y, Yokochi T, Nakahara T (2005b) High yields of long-chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids by labyrinthulids on soybean
lecithin dispersed agar medium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 69:
253–258
Kumon Y, Yokoyama R, Yokochi T, Honda D, Nakahara T (2003) A new
labyrinthulid isolate, which solely produces n-6 docosapentaenoic acid.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63: 22-28
Kumon Y, Yokoyama R, Haque Z,Yokochi T, Honda D, Nakahara T
(2006) A new labyrinthulid isolate that produces only docosahexaenoic
acid. Mar Biotechnol 8: 170-177
Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (1996) The yeasts, a taxonomic study.
North-Holland, Amsterdam
Kvingedal R, Owens L, Jerry DR (2006) A new parasite that infects eggs
of the mud crab,
Scylla serrata,
in Australia. J Invertebr Pathol
93(1): 54-59
L
Lali SC, Yokochi T, Nakahara
T (2001) Conversion of 18-carbon Fatty Acids to Long Chain
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Some Thraustochytrids. Journal of
Oleo Science 50: 515-520
Le PM, Fraser C, Gardner G,
Liang WW, Kralovec JA, Cunnane SC, Windust AJ (2007) Biosynthetic
production of universally (13)C-labelled polyunsaturated fatty acids as
reference materials for natural health product research. Anal Bioanal
Chem 389(1): 241-249
Leander CA, Porter D (2000) Redefining the genus
Aplanochytrium
(phylum Labyrinthulomycota). Mycotaxon 76: 439-444
Leander CA, Porter D (2001) The Labyrinthulomycota is comprised
of three distinct lineages. Mycologia 93: 459-464
Leander CA, Porter D, Leander BS (2004) Comparative morphology
and molecular phylogeny of aplanochytrids (Labyrinthulomycota). Eur J
Protistol 40: 317-328
<PDF>
Le-Campion-Alsumard T., Golubic S. and Priess K. (1995): Fungi in
corals: Symbiosis or disease? Interaction between poiyps and fungi
causes pearl-like skeleton biomineralization. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
117, 137-147.
Leipe DD, Wainright PO, Gunderson JH, Porter D, Patterson DJ,
Valois F, Himmerich S, Sogin ML (1994) The stramenopiles from a
molecular perspective: 16S-like rRNA sequences from
Labyrinthuloides
minuta and
Cafeteria
roenbergensis. Phycologia 33: 369-377
Levine ND, Corliss JO (1963) Two new subclasses of sarcodines,
LABYRINTHULIA subcl. nov. and PROTEOMYXIDIA subcl. nov. J Protozool
10(Suppl.): 27
Levine ND, Corliss JO, Cox FEG, Deroux G, Grain J, Honigberg BM,
Leedale GF, Loeblich AR, Lom J, Lynn DH, Merinfeld D, Page FC,
Poljansky G, Sprague V, Vavra J, Wallace FG (1980) A newly revised
classification of the Protozoa. J Protozool 27: 37-58
Lewis TE, Mooney BD, McMeekin TA, Nichols PD (1998) New Australian
microbial sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Chem Aust
65:37–39
Lewis TE, Nichols PD, Mcmeekin TA (1999) The Biotechnological
potential of thraustochytrids. Mar Biotechnol 1: 580-587
Lewis TE, Nichols PD, Mcmeekin TA (2001) Sterol and Squalene Content of
a Docosahexaenoic-Acid-Producing Thraustochytrid: Influence of Culture
Age, Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen. Marine Biotechnology3(5):
439-447
Li MH, Robinson EH, Tucker CS, Manning BB, Khoo L (2009) Effects of
dried algae
Schizochytrium
sp., a rich source of docosahexaenoic acid, on growth, fatty acid
composition, and sensory quality of channel catfish Ictalurus
punctatus. Aquaculture 292(3-4): 232-236
Li Q, Chen GQ, Fan KW, Lu FP, Aki T, Jiang Y (2009) Screening and
Characterization of Squalene-Producing Thraustochytrids from Hong Kong
Mangroves. J Agric Food Chem 57(10): 4267-4272
Li ZP, Jiang XZ, Tian BY, Shu ZY, Huang JZ (2008) Cloning and
Expression of Acyl Carrier Protein Gene from
Schizochytrium. Microbiology
(Beijing) 35(2): 256-260
Li ZY, Ward OP (1994) Production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by
Thraustocytrium roseum. J Ind
Microbiol 13:238–341
Lippmeier JC, Crawford KS, Owen CB, Rivas AA, Metz JG, Apt KE (2009)
Characterization of both polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic
pathways in Schizochytrium sp. Lipids 44(7): 621-630
Liu Q, Allam B, Collier JL (2009) Quantitative real-time PCR assay for
QPX (Thraustochytriidae), a parasite of the hard clam (
Mercenaria mercenaria). Appl
Environ Microbiol 75(14): 4913-4918
Loganathan B, Venugopaian VK, Raghukumar S (1985):
Schizochytrium sp. associated
with external lesions of some estuarine
fishes. J. Singapore Natl. Acad. Sci. 14, 132-134.
Lu HT, Jiang Y, Chen F (2003) Preparative separation and purification
of squalene from the microalga
Thraustochytrium
ATCC 26185 by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A
994(1): 37-43
Luo Q, Krumholz LR, Najar FZ, Peacock AD, Roe BA, White DC, Elshahed MS
(2005) Diversity of the microeukaryotic community in sulfide-rich
Zodletone Spring (Oklahoma). Appl Environ Microbiol 71(10): 6175-6184
Lyons MM, Smolowitz R, Dungan CF, Roberts SB (2006) Development of a
real time quantitative PCR assay for the hard clam pathogen Quahog
Parasite Unknown (QPX). Dis Aquat Org 72: 45–52.
Lyons MM, Ward JE, Smolowitz R, Uhlinger KR, Gast RJ (2005) Lethal
marine snow: pathogen of bivalve mollusc concealed in marine
aggregates. Limnol Oceanogr 50: 1983–1988.
<PDF>
M
MacKay RM, Doolittle WF (1982) Two thraustochytrid 5S ribosomal RNAs.
Nucleic Acids Res 10(24): 8307-8310
MacCallum GS, McGladdery SE
(2000) Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX) in the northern quahog
Mercenaria
mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) and
M. mercenaria var.
notata from Atlantic
Canada, survey results from three maritime provinces. J Shellfish
Res 19: 43–50.
Mann K,H. (1988): Production
and use of detritus in various freshwater, estuarine and coastal marine
ecosystems. Limnol Oceanogr 33: 910-930.
Margulis L, Olendzenski L, Dolan M, MacIntyre F (1996) Diversity of
eukaryotic microorganisms: computer-based resources, "The Handbook of
Protoctista" and its "Glossary". Microbiologia 12(1): 29-42
Martin DL, Boone E, Caldwell MM, Major KM, Boettcher AA (2009) Liquid
culture and growth quantification of the seagrass pathogen,
Labyrinthula spp. Mycologia
101(5): 632-635
Massana R, Castresana J, Balague V, Guillou L, Khadidja R, Groisillier
A, Valentin K, Pedros-Alio C (2004) Phylogenetic and ecological
analysis of novel marine stramenopiles. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 70: 3528-3534.
<PDF>
McKone KL, Tanner CE (2009) Role of salinity in the susceptibility of
eelgrass
Zostera marina to
the wasting disease pathogen
Labyrinthula
zosterae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 377: 123-130
McLean I.N. and Porter D. (1987): Lesions produced by a thraustochytrid
in
Tritonia diomedea
(Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia). J. Invert.
Pathol. 49,223-225.
Metz JG, Kuner J, Rosenzweig B, Lippmeier JC, Roessler P, Zirkle R
(2009) Biochemical characterization of polyunsaturated fatty acid
synthesis in
Schizochytrium:
release of the products as free fatty acids. Plant Physiol Biochem
47(6): 472-478
Metz JG, Roessler P, Facciotti D, Levering C, Dittrich F, Lassner M,
Valentine R, Lardizabal K, Domergue F, Yamada A, Yazawa K, Knauf V,
Browse J (2001) Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by polyketide
synthases in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Science 293:
290–293.
Meyer A, Cirpus P, Ott C, Schlecker R, Zahringer U, Heinz E (2003)
Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid in
Euglena gracilis:
biochemical and molecular evidence for the involvement of a
Delta4-fatty acyl group desaturase. Biochemistry 42(32): 9779-9788
Michaud AL, Diau GY, Abril R, Brenna JT (2002) Double bond localization
in minor homoallylic fatty acid methyl esters using acetonitrile
chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem
307(2):
348-360
Miller J.D. and Whitney N.J. (1981):Fungi of the Bay of Fundy IV:
Thraustochytrids. Nova Hedwigia 35, 407-416.
Miller MR, Nichols PD, Carter CG (2007) Replacement of fish oil with
thraustochytrid
Schizochytrium
sp. L oil in Atlantic salmon parr (
Salmo
salar L) diets. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol
148(2): 382-392
Miyamoto E, Tanioka Y, Yukino T, Hayashi M, Watanabe F, Nakano Y (2007)
Occurrence of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin and its physiological function
as the coenzyme of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in a marine eukaryotic
microorganism,
Schizochytrium
limacinum SR21. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 53(6): 471-475
Mo C, Douek J, Rinkevich B (2002) Development of a PCR strategy
for thraustochytrid identification based on 18S rDNA sequence. Mar Biol
140: 883-889
Mo C, Rinkevich B (2001) A simple, reliable, and fast protocol for
thraustochytrid DNA extraction. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 3(2): 100-102
Moens PB, Perkins FO (1969) Chromosome number of a small protist:
accurate determination. Science 166(910): 1289-1291
Morita E, Kumon Y, Nakahara T, Kagiwada S, Noguchi T (2006)
Docosahexaenoic acid production and lipid-body formation in
Schizochytrium limacinum SR21.
Mar Biotechnol 8: 319–327
Moro I, Negrisolo E, Callegaro A, Andreoli C (2003)
Aplanochytrium stocchinoi a
new Labyrinthulomycota from the Southern
Ocean (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Protist 154: 331-340
Moss ST (1980) Ultrastructure of the
endomembrane-sagenogenetosome-ectoplasmic net complex in
Ulkenia
visurgensis (Thraustocytriales). Botanica Marina 23: 73-94
Moss ST (1985) An ultrastructural study of taxonomically
significant characters of the Thraustochytriales and the
Labyrinthulales. J Linn Soc (Bot) 91: 329-357
Moss, T.S., 1991. Thraustochytrids and other zoosporic marine
fungi.
In: Patterson DJ, Larsen J (Eds) The Biology of Free-Living
Heterotphic Flagellates. Systematics Association Special, vol.
45.
Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 415–425.
Muehlstein LK, Porter D. Short FT (1988)
Labyrinthula sp., a
marine slime mold producing the symptoms of wasting disease in
eelgrass,
Zostera marina.
Mar Biol 99: 465-472
Muehlstein LK, Porter D, Short FT (1991)
Labyrinthula zosterae sp. nov., the
causative agent of wasting disease of eelgrass,
Zostera marina. Mycologia 83:
180-191
<Link>
N
Nagano N, Taoka Y, Honda D,
Hayashi M (2009) Optimization of culture conditions for growth and
docosahexaenoic acid production by a marine thraustochytrid,
Aurantiochytrium limacinum
mh0186. Journal of Oleo Science 58: 623-628.
<PDF>
Naganuma T, Kimura H,
Karimoto R, Pimenov NV (2006) Abundance of planktonic thraustochytrids
and bacteria and the concentration of particulate ATP in the Greenland
and Norwegian Seas. Polar Bioscience 20: 37-45
Naganuma T, Takasugi H, Kimura H (1998) Abundance of thraustochytrids
in coastal plankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 162: 105–110
<PDF>
Nakagiri A (2001) Ecology of
Labyrinthula
and note on modified methods
for cultivation and preservation of the isolates. Aquabiology 23:
32-38 (in Japanese)
Nakahara T, Yokochi T, Higashihara T, Tanaka S, Yaguchi T, Honda
D (1996) Production of docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid by
Schizochytrium sp. iolated
from Yap Island. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73:
1421-1426
Nakatsuji N, Nakatsuji T, Bell E (1981) Formation of whirling
aggregates by
Labyrinthula
vegetative cells. Exp Cell Res 131(2): 412-417
Nakayama T., Watanabe S., Mitsui K., Uchida H., Inouye I. (1996) The
phylogenetic relationship between the Chlamydomonadales and
Chlorococcales inferred from 18S rDNA sequence data. Phycol Res 44 :
47-55
O
Olive LS (1975) The Mycetozoans. Academic, New York. pp 215-292
Olsen MW (2007)
Labyrinthula
terrestris: a new pathogen of cool-season turfgrasses.
Molecular Plant Pathology 8(6): 817-820
Olsen MW, Bigelow DM, Gilbertson RL, Stowell LJ, Gelernter WD (2003)
First Report of a
Labyrinthula
sp. Causing Rapid Blight Disease of Rough Bluegrass and Perennial
Ryegrass. Plant Disease 87: 1267
Okuyama H, Orikasa Y, Nishida T (2007) In vivo conversion of
triacylglycerol to docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipids in a
thraustochytrid-like microorganism, strain 12B. Biotechnol Lett
29: 1977–1981
P
Park HG, Puvanendran V,
Kellett A, Parrish CC, Brown JA (2006) Effect of enriched rotifers on
growth, survival, and composition of larval Atlantic cod (
Gadus
morhua). ICES Journal of Marine Science 63(2): 285-295
Patil V, Brate J, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Jakobsen KS (2009) Revisiting
the phylogenetic position of Synchroma grande. J Eukaryot
Microbiol
56(4): 394-396
Patterson DJ (1989)
Stramenopiles, chromophytes from a protistan perspectives. In:
Green
JC, Leadbeater BSC, Diver WL (Eds) The Chromaphyte Algae
Problems and Perspectives. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 357–379.
Perkins FO (1970) Formation of centriole and centriole-like structures
during meiosis and mitosis in
Labyrinthula
sp. (Rhizopodea, Labyrinthulida). An electron-microscope study. J
Cell Sci 6(3): 629-653
Perkins FO (1972) The ultrastructure of hold-fasts, "rhizoids"
and "slime track" in traustochytriaceous fungi and in
Labyrinthula spp.
Arch Microbiol 84: 95-118
Perkins FO (1973) A new species of marine labyrinthulid
Labyrinthuloides yorkensis
gen. nov. spec. nov. – cytology and fine
structure. Arch Microbiol 90: 1-17
Perkins FO (1974) Phylogenetic consideration of the problematic
thraustochytriaceous – labyrinthulid -
Dermocystidium complex based on
observation of fine structure. Veröff Inst Meeresforsch Bremerh
5: 45-63
Perkins FO (1974) Reassignment of Labyrinthula minuta to the genus
Labyrinthuloides. Mycologia 66:
697–702
Perkins FO, Amon JP (1969) Zoosporulation in
Labyrinthula sp.: an electron
microscopic study. J Protozool 16: 235–257.
Perveen Z, Ando H, Ueno A, Ito Y, Yamamoto Y, Yamada Y, Takagi T,
Kaneko T, Kogame K, Okuyama H (2006) Isolation and characterization of
a novel thraustochytrid-like microorganism that efficiently produces
docosahexaenoic acid. Biotechnol Lett 28: 197–202
Phleger CF, Nelson MM, Mooney BD, Nichols PD (2001) Interannual
variations in the lipids of the Antarctic pteropods
Clione limacina and
Clio pyramidata. Comp Biochem
Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 128(3): 553-564
Pokorny KS (1967)
Labyrinthula. J Protozool 14: 697-708
Polglase JL (1980) A preliminary report on the thraustochytrid(s) and
labyrinthurid(s) associated with a pathological condition in lesser
octopus Eledone cirrhosa. Bot Mar 23:699–706
Pond DW, Bell MV, Harris RP, Sargent JR (1998)
Microplanktonic polyunsaturated fatty acid markers: a mesocosm trial.
Est. Coast Shelf Sci 46: 61-67
Porter D (1969) Ultrastructure of
Labyrinthula.
Protoplasma 67: 1–19
Porter D (1972) Cell division in the marine slime mold,
Labyrinthula sp. and the role
of the bothrosome in extracellular
membrane production. Protoplasma 74: 427-448
Porter D (1974) Phylogenetic considerations of the
Thraustochytriaceae and Labyrinthulaceae. Veröffentlichungen des
Instituts fuer Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven. Sonderband 5: 19-44
Porter D (1990) Phylum Labyrinthulomycota. In Margulis L, Corlis
JO, Melconian M, Chapman DJ (Eds) Handbook of Protoctista, Jones and
Barlett, Boston, pp 388-398
Preston TM, King CA (2005) Actin-based motility in the net slime mould
Labyrinthula: evidence for the
role of myosin in gliding movement. J
Eukaryot Microbiol 52(6): 461-475
Pyle DJ, Garcia RA, Wen Z (2008) Producing docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA)-rich algae from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol: effects of
impurities on DHA production and algal biomass composition. J Agric
Food Chem 56(11): 3933-3939
Q
Qian H, Liu Q, Allam B,
Collier JL (2007) Molecular genetic variation within and among isolates
of QPX (Thraustochytridae), a parasite of the hard clam
Mercenaria mercenaria. Dis
Aquat Org 77: 159–168.
Qiu X, Hong H, MacKenzie SL
(2001) Identification of a Delta4 fatty acid desaturase from
Thraustocytrium sp.
involved in the biosynthesis of docosahexaqenoic acid by heterologous
expression in
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and
Brassica juncea.
J Biol Chem
276: 31561–31566
Quick JA (1974a) A new marine
Labyrinthula
with unusual locomotion. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 93: 52-61.
Quick JA (1974b)
Labyrinthuloides
schizochytrops n. sp., a new marine labyrinthula with spheroid
"spindle"
cells. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 93, 344–365.
R
Rabinowitz C, Douek J, Weisz
R, Shabtay A, Rinkevich B (2006) Isolation and characterization of four
novel thraustochytrid strains from a colonial tunicate. Indian J
Mar
Sci 35: 341-350
Ragan MA, MacCallum GS,
Murphy CA, Cannone JJ, Gutell RR, McGladdery SE (2000) Protistan
parasite QPX of hardshell clam
Mercenaria
mercenaria is a member of
Labyrinthulomycota. Dis Aquat Org 42: 185–190
Raghukumar C (1986) Thraustochytrid fungi associated with marine
algae. Indian J Mar Sci 15: 121-122
Raghukumar C (1987b) Fungal parasites of the marine green algae,
Cladophora and and
Rhizoclnium. Bot Mar 29:
289-297
Raghukumar C and Raghukumar S (1992) Association of thraustochytrids
and fungi with living marine algae. Mycol Res 96: 542-546
Raghukumar C, Raghukumar S, Sharma S, Chandramohan D (1992)
Endolithic fungi from deep-sea calcareous sudstrata. Isolation and
laboratory studies. In: Desai BN (Ed) Ocean. Oxford &
IBH, New Delhi. pp. 3-9.
Raghukumar S (1977) A new species of the genus
Ulkenia Gaertner
(lower marine fungi) from the North Sea. Veröff Inst Meeresforsch
Bremerh 16: 159-165
Raghukumar S (1982a) Fine structure of the thraustochytrid
Ulkenia amoeboidea. I.
Vegetative thallus and formation of the amoeboid
stage. Can J Bot 60: 1092-1102
Raghukumar S (1982b) Fine structure of the thraustochytrid
Ulkenia amoeboidea. II. The
amoeboid stage and formation of zoospores.
Can J Bot 60: 1103-1114
Raghukumar S (1985) Enumeration of thraustochytrids (heterotrophic
microorganisms) from theArabian Sea. Mahasagar, Bull. Natl.
Oceanogr.
18, 457-465.
Raghukumar S (1987) A device for continuous observation of microscopic
aquatic organisms. Indian J Mar Sci 30: 83-89
RaghuKumar S (1987) Occurrence of the thraustochytrid,
Corallochytrium limacisporum gen.
et sp. nov. in the coral reef lagoons of the Lakshadweep Islands in the
Arabian Sea. Botanica Marina 30(1): 83-89
Raghukumar S (1988)
Schizochytrium
mangrovei sp. nov., a
thraustochytrid from mangroves in India. Trans Br Mycol Soc 90: 627-631
Raghukumar S (1988) Detection of the thraustochytrid protist
Ulkenia
visurgensis in a hydroid, using immunofluoescence. Mar
Biol 97:
253-258
Raghukumar S (1988)
Schizochytrium
octosporum sp. nov. and other
thraustochytrids from the North Sea (Rosfjord, Norway). Trans Br
Mycol
Soc 90: 273-278
Raghukumar S (1992) Bacterivory: a novel dual role for
thraustochytrids in the sea. Marine Biology 113: 165-169
<PDF>
Raghukumar S (1996) Morphology, taxonomy, and ecology of
thraustochytrids and labyrinthulids, the marine counterparts of
zoosporic fungi. In: Dayal R (Ed) Advances in zoosporic fungi.
Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 35–60
Raghukumar S (2002) Ecology of the marine protists, the
Labyrinthulomycetes (thraustochytrids and labyrinthulids). Eur J
Protistol 38: 127–145
<Link>
Raghukumar S (2006) Marine eukaryote diversity, with particular
reference to fungi: lessons learnt from prokaryotes. Indian J Mar
Sci 35: 388-398
Raghukumar S (2008) Thraustochytrid Marine Protists: Production of
PUFAs and Other Emerging Technologies. Marine Biotechnology
10(6): 631-640
Raghukumar S, Anil AC, Khandeparkar L, Patil JS (2000) Thraustochytrid
protists as a component of marine microbial films. Mar. Biol. 136:
603–609.
<PDF>
Raghukumar S, Raghukumar C (1988) A report on the occurrence of
thraustochytrid species in Indian waters. Kavaka 16: 40-44
Raghukumar S, Ramaiah N, Raghukumar C (2001) Dynamics of
thraustochytrid protists in the water column of the Arabian Sea.
Aquat Microb Ecol 24: 175–186
Raghukumar S, Schaumann K (1993) An epifluorescence microscopy method
for direct detection and enumeration of the fungi-like marine protists,
the thraustochytrids. Limnol Oceanogr 38: 182–187.
Raghukumar S, Sharma S, Raghukumar C, Sathe-Pathak V (1994)
Thraustochytrid and fungal component of marine detritus. IV. Laboratory
studies on decomposition of leaves of the mangrove
Rhizophora apiculata
Blume. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 183: 113–131
Ragone Calvo LM, Walker JG, Burreson EM (1998) Prevalence and
distribution of QPX, Quahog Parasite Unknown, in hard clams,
Mercenaria mercenaria in Virginia,
USA. Dis Aquat Org 33: 209–219 <
Link>
Raikar MT, Raghukumar S, Vani V, David JJ, Chandramohan D (2001)
Thraustochytrid protists degrade hydrocarbons. Indian J Mar Sci
30: 139–145
Ralph PJ, Short FT (2002) Impact of the wasting disease pathogen,
Labyrinthula zosterae, on the
photobiology of eelgrass
Zostera
marina. Marine Ecology Progress Series 226: 265-271
Ramaiah N, Raghukumar S, Gauns M (1996) Bacterial abundanse and
production in the central and eastern Arebian Sea. Curr Sci 71:
878-882
Ramaiah N, Raghukumar S, Mangesh G, Madhupratap M (2005) Seasonal
variations in carbon biomass of bacteria, thraustochytrids and
microzooplankton in the Northern Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Research
part 2 52(14-15): 1910-1921
Ratledge C (2004) Fatty acid biosynthesis in microorganisms being used
for single cell oil production. Biochimie 11:807–815
Ren LJ, Huang H, Xiao AH, Lian M, Jin LJ, Ji XJ (2009) Enhanced
docosahexaenoic acid production by reinforcing acetyl-CoA and NADPH
supply in
Schizochytrium sp.
HX-308. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 32(6): 837-843
Renn CE (1942) Demonstration of
Labyrinthula
parasite in eel-grass from the coast of California. Science
95(2457): 122
Reynolds ES (1963) The use of lead citrate at high pH as an
electronopaque strain in electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17:
208-212
Riemann F, Schaumann K (1993) Tharaustochytrid protists in Antarctic
fast ice? Antarct Sci 5: 279-280
Riisberg I, Orr RJ, Kluge R, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Bowers HA, Patil V,
Edvardsen B, Jakobsen KS (2009) Seven gene phylogeny of heterokonts.
Protist 160(2): 191-204
Rinkevich B (1999) Cell cultures from marine invertebrates: obstacles,
new approaches and recent improvements. Journal of Biotechnology 70:
133-153
Ritar AJ, Dunstan GA, Nelson MM, Brown MR, Nichols PD, Thomas CW, Smith
EG, Crear BJ, Kolkovski S (2004) Nutritional and bacterial profiles of
juvenile Artemia fed different enrichments and during starvation.
Aquaculture 239: 351-373
Robin JH, Vincent B (2003) Microparticulate diets as first food for
gilthead sea bream larva (
Sparus
aurata): study of fatty acid
incorporation. Aquaculture 225: 463-474
Rosa SM, Galvagno MA, Vélez CG (2006) Primeros aislamientos de
Thraustochytriales (Labyrinthulomycetes, Heterokonta) de ambientes
estuariales y salinos de la Argentina. (= First isolations of
Thraustochytriales (Labyrinthulomycetes, Heterokonta) from estuarial
and saline environments of Argentina). Darwiniana 44:
81-88.
<PDF>
Rzhetsky A, Nei M (1992) A simple method for estimating and
testing minimum-evolution trees. Mol Biol Evol 9: 945-967
Rzhetsky A, Nei M (1993) Theoretical foundation of the
minimum-evolution method of phylogenetic inference. Mol Biol Evol 10:
1073-1095
S
Sakata T, Fujisawa T (1996)
Isolation of algophorous
Labyrinthula
and amoebae from marine
habitats. Mem Fac Fish Kagoshima Univ 45: 13-19
<PDF>
Sakata T, Fujisawa T,
Yoshikawa T (2000) Colony formation and fatty acid composition of
marine labyrinthulid isolates grown on agar plates. Fish Sci 66:
84–90
Sakata T, Iwamoto K (1995) Isolation of marine algicidal microorganisms
on diatom double layer agar plates. Fish Sci 61: 173–174
Sakata T, Yoshikawa T (2001) Algicidal activity and nutrition of
labyrinthulids. Aquabiology 23: 26-31 (in Japanese)
Sanders TA, Gleason K, Griffin B, Miller GJ (2006) Influence of an
algal triacylglycerol containing docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6n-3) and
docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5n-6) on cardiovascular risk factors in
healthy men and women. Br J Nutr 95(3): 525-531
Santangelo G, Bongiorni L, Pignataro L (2000) Abundance of
thraustochytrids and ciliated protozoans in a Mediterranean sandy shore
determined by an improved, direct method. Aquatic Microbial
Ecology 23: 55-61 <
Link>
Sargent JR, Bell MV, Henderson RJ (1995) Protists as sources of (n-3)
polyunsaturated fatty acids for verterate development. In:
Brugerolle
G, Mignot J-P (Eds) Proceedings of the Second European Congress of
Protistology. Clermont-Ferrand, pp 55–64
Sathe V, Raghukumar S (1991) Fungi and their biomass in detritus of the
seagrass
Thalassia hemprichii
(Ehrenberg) Ascherson. Botanica Marina 34: 271-277.
Sathe-Pathak V, Raghukumar S, Raghukumar C, Sharma S (1993)
Thraustochytrid and fungal component of marine detritus. I - Field
studies on decomposition of the brown alga
Sargassum cinereum J. Ag.
Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 22: 159-167.
Scharer L, Knoflach D, Vizoso DB, Rieger G, Peintner U (2007)
Thraustochytrids as novel parasitic protists of marine free-living
flatworms:
Thraustochytrium
caudivorum sp. nov. parasitizes
Macrostomum lignano. Marine Biology
152: 1095-1104.
<PDF>
Schmoller H (1960) [The culture and development of
Labyrinthula coenocystis n.
sp.] Arch Mikrobiol 36: 365-372
Schmoller H (1961) [On the development of
Labyrinthula.] Arch Mikrobiol 40:
224-230
Schmoller H (1966) [Nature of the labyrinthules] Naturwissenschaften
53(24): 711-712
Schmoller H (1967) Die Bewegung der Labyrinthulen. [Movement of the
Labyrinthulae.] Naturwissenschaften 54(13): 345
Schmoller H, Wiegershausen B (1968) Die Labyrinthulen als
Pilzparasiten. [Labyrinthulae as fungal parasites.] Naturwissenschaften
55(12): 657-658
Schmoller H, Wiegershausen B (1969) Weitere Untersuchungen uber den
Parasitismus von Labyrinthula gegenuber Pilzen. [Further studies on the
parasitism of fungi by Labyrinthulae.] Experientia 25(6): 661-662
Schneider J (1969) Uber niedere Pilze der westlichen Ostsee. Ber
Dtsch Bot Ges 81: 375-379
Scholz E (1958) Uber morphologische Modifikationen bei niederen
Erdphycomyceten and Beschreibung zweier neuer Arten von
Rhizophydium
und
Thraustochytrium.
Arch. Mikrobiol. 29: 354-362
Schwab-Stey H, Schwab D (1974) Hypothetical origin of the particular
membrane relationships in
Labyrinthula.
Protoplasma 81(1): 125-130
Shabala L, McMeekin T, Shabala S (2009) Osmotic adjustment and
requirement for sodium in marine protist thraustochytrid.
Environmental Microbiology 11(7): 1835-1843
Shabala L, Shabala S, Ross T, McMeekin T (2001) Membrane transport
activity and ultradian ion flux oscillations associated with cell cycle
of
Thraustochytrium sp.
Australian Journal of Plant Physiology
28: 87-99
Shields RJ, Bell JG, Luizi FS, Gara B, Bromage NR, Sargent JR (1999)
Natural copepods are superior to enriched
Artemia nauplii as feed for
halibut larvae (
Hippoglossus
hippoglossus)
in terms of survival, pigmentation and retinal morphology: relation to
dietary essential fatty acids. J Nutr 129(6): 1186-1194 <
Link>
Shimizu S, Kawashima H, Shinmen Y, Akimoto K, Yamada H (1988)
Production of eicosapentaenoic acid by
Mortierella fungi. J Am Oil
Chem
Soc 65: 1455-1459
Shirasaka N (2001) Approaches to modification of fatty acid composition
of
Schizochytrium limacinum
SR21. Aquabiology 23: 52-56
Shirasaka N, Hirai Y, Nakabayashi H, Yoshizumi H (2005) Effect of
cyanocobalamin and p-toluic acid on the fatty acid composition of
Schizochytrium limacinum
(Thraustochytriaceae, Labyrinthulomycota). Mycoscience 46(6):
358-363
Short F.T., Mathieson, A.C. and Nelson J.I. (1986): Recurrence of
the eelgrass wasting disease at the border of New Hampshire and Maine,
U.S.A. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 29: 89-92.
Short FT, Porter D, Iizumi H, Aioi K (1993) Occurrence of the eelgrass
pathogen
Labyrinthula zosterae
in Japan. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 16: 73-77
<PDF>
Siegenthaler PA, Belsky MM, Goldstein S (1967) Phosphate Uptake in an
Obligately Marine Fungus: A Specific Requirement for Sodium.
Science
155(3758): 93-94
Siegenthaler PA, Belsky MM, Goldstein S, Menna M (1967) Phosphate
uptake in an obligately marine fungus. II. Role of culture conditions,
energy sources, and inhibitors. J Bacteriol 93(4): 1281-1288 <
PDF>
Sijtsma L, de Swaaf ME (2004) Biotechnological production and
applications of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic
acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64: 146–153
Singh A., Ward O. P. (1996) Production of high yields of
docosahexaenoic acid by Thraustochytrium roseum ATCC 28210. Journal of
Industrial Microbiology 16: 370-373
Singh A, Ward OP (1997) Microbial production of docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA, C22:6). Adv Appl Microbiol 45: 271–312
Singh A, Wilson S, Ward OP (1996) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production
by
Thraustochytrium sp.
ATCC20892. J Microbiol Biotechnol 12: 76–83
Smolowitz R, Leavitt D, Perkins F (1998) Observations of a protistan
disease similar to QPX in
Mercenaria
mercenaria (hard clams) from the coast of Massachusetts.
J Invertebr Pathol 71: 9–25
Sogin ML, Morrison HG, Hinkle G, Silberman JD (1996) Ancestral
relationships of the major eukaryotic lineages. Microbiologia 12(1):
17-28
Song X, Zhang X, Guo N, Zhu L, Kuang C (2007) Assessment of marine
thraustochytrid
Schizochytrium
limacinum OUC88 for mariculture by
enriched feeds. Fish Sci 73: 565–573
Song X, Zhang X, Kuang C, Zhu L, Guo N (2007) Optimization of
fermentation parameters for the biomass and DHA production of
Schizochytrium limacinum OUC88
using response surface
methodology. Process Biochemistry 42(10): 1391-1397
Song X, Zhang X, Zhu L (2007) Studies on the DHA enrichment of rotifer
with
Schizochytrium limanium.
Marine Science (Qingdao) 31(12): 46-51
Solomon D, Sher S, Bell E (1978) The Motility of the Cells and the
Extracellular Matrix of
Labyrinthula
-- A Colonial Organism Found on
Zostera
Marina. Oceans 1984. 10: 99-104
<Link>
Sparrow FK (1936) Biological observations on the marine fungi of
Woods Hole waters. Biological Bulletin 70: 236-263
Sparrow FK (1943) The aquatic Phycomycetes, Exclusive of the
Saprolegniaceae and
Pythium.
Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
Sparrow FK (1960) The aquatic Phycomycetes 2nd ed. Exclusive of
the Saprolegniaceae and Pythium. Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
Sparrow FK (1969) Zoosporic marine fungi from the Pacific
Northwest (U. S. A.). Arch Mikrobiol 66: 129-146
Sparrow F.K. (1973):Mastigomycotina (zoosporic Fungi). In: Ainsworth
G.C., Sparrow F.K. and Sussman A.S. (eds.): The Fungi, An Advanced
Treatise. Vol. IV B . pp. 64-73. Academic Press,New York.
Stark KD, Lim SY, Salem N (2007) Artificial rearing with
docosahexaenoic acid and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid alters rat tissue
fatty acid composition. J Lipid Res 48(11): 2471-2477
Stey H (1968) [Reactions of hydryl anions, IV. Demonstration of a
hitherto unknown organelle in
Labyrinthula]
Z Naturforsch B 23(4): 567
Stey H (1969) [Electron microscopic study of the
Labyrinthula coenocystis Schmoller]
Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 102(3): 387-418
Stillwell W, Wassall SR (2003) Docosahexaenoic acid: membrane
properties of a unique fatty acid. Chem Phys Lipids 126: 1–27
Stoeck T, Taylor GT, Epstein SS (2003) Novel eukaryotes from the
permanently anoxic cariaco basin (Caribbean Sea). Applied and
Environmental Microbiology 69: 5656-5663.
Stokes NA, Ragone Calvo LM, Reece KS, Burreson EM (2002)
Molecular diagnostics, field validation, and phylogenetic analysisof
Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX), a pathogen of the hard clam
Mercenaria
mercenaria. Dis Aquat Org 52: 233-247
Sumathl JC, Raghukumar S, Kasbekar DP, Raghukumar C (2006) Molecular
Evidence of Fungal Signatures in the Marine Protist
Corallochytrium limacisporum and
its Implications in the Evolution of Animals and Fungi. Protist
157(4): 363-376 <
Link>
Sutherland IW (1998) Novel and established applications of microbial
polysaccharides. Trends Biotechnol 16: 41–46
Swofford DL (2003) PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony
(* and other methods), version 4.0b 10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
T
Takao Y, Mise K, Nagasaki K, Okuno T, Honda D (2006) Complete
nucleotide sequence and genome organization of a single-stranded RNA
virus (SssRNAV) infecting the marine fungoid
Schizochytrium sp. J Gen
Virol 87: 723–733
<PDF>
Takao Y, Nagasaki K, Honda D (2007) Squashed ball-like dsDNA virus
infecting a marine fungoid protist
Sicyoidochytrium
minutum (Thraustochytriaceae, Labyrinthulomycetes). Aquat
Microb Ecol 49: 101-108
<PDF>
Takao Y, Nagasaki K, Mise K, Okuno T, Honda D (2005) Isolation and
characterization of a novel single-stranded RNA virus infectious to a
marine fungoid protist,
Schizochytrium
sp. (Thraustochytriaceae, Labyrinthulea). Appl Environ Microbiol
71: 4516–4522
<PDF>
Takao Y, Tomaru Y, Nagasaki K, Sasakura Y, Yokoyama R, Honda D. (2007)
Fluorescence in situ hybridization using 18S rRNAtargeted probe for
specific detection of thraustochytrids (Labyrinthulomycetes).
Plankton & Benthos Research 2: 91-97.
Taoka Y, Nagano N, Okita Y, Izumida H, Sugimoto S, Hayashi M (2008)
Effect of addition of Tween 80 and potassium dihydrogenphosphate to
basal medium on the isolation of marine eukaryotes,
thraustochytrids. J
Biosci Bioeng 105(5): 562-565
<Link>
Taoka Y, Nagano N, Okita Y, Izumida H, Sugimoto S, Hayashi M (2009)
Extracellular Enzymes Produced by Marine Eukaryotes,
Thraustochytrids. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 73:
180-182
<PDF>
Teal TH, Guillemette T, Chapman M, Margulis L (1998)
Acronema sippewissettensis Gen.
Nov. Sp. Nov., microbial mat bicosoecid (Bicosoecales =
Bicosoecida). Eur J Protistol 34(4): 402-414
Thompson JD, Higgins DC, Gibson TJ (1994) Clustal W: Improving
the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through
sequence weighting, position, specific gap penalties and weight matrix
choice. Nucl Acids Res 22: 4673-4680
Tripodi KE, Buttigliero LV, Altabe SG, Uttaro AD (2006) Functional
characterization of front-end desaturases from trypanosomatids depicts
the first polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway from a
parasitic protozoan. FEBS J 273(2): 271-280
Tsui CKM, Marshall W, Yokoyama R, Honda D, Lippmeier JC, Craven KD,
Peterson PD, Berbee ML (2009) Labyrinthulomycetes phylogeny and its
implications for the evolutionary loss of chloroplasts and gain of
ectoplasmic gliding. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50:
129-140
U
Ulken A (1966) Untersuchungen uber marine Pilze im aquatorialen
Alantik vor der Kuste Brailiens. Veroff. Inst.Meeresforsch. Bremerh.
10,107-116.
Ulken A (1968) Uber Zwei marine niedere Pilze vom Meeresboden der
Nordsee. Veroff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerh. Suppl. 3, 71-74.
Ulken A (1979b) Phycomycetenfunde in der Sargassosee. Veroff. Inst.
Meeresforsch. Bremerh. 18, 21-27.
Ulken A (1981) On the role of phycomycetes in the food of different
mangrove swamps with brackish waters of high salinity. Kieler
Meeresforsch. Sonderh. 5: 425-428.
Ulken A. (1986): Estimation of thraustochytrid propagules in two
mangrove swamps. Bot. Mar. 29, 85-89.
Ulken A, Jaeckle I, Bahnweg G (1985) Morphology, nutrition and
taxonomy of an
Aplanochytrium
sp. from the Sargasso Sea. Mar Biol 85:
89--95
Ulken A., Viquez R., Valiente C. and Campos M. (1990): Marine fungi
(Chytridiomycetes and Thraustochytriales) from a mangrove area at Punta
Morales, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia
Tropical, 243-250.
Unagul P, Assantachai C, Phadungruengluij S, Pongsuteeragul T,
Suphantharika M, Verduyn C (2006) Biomass and docosahexaenoic acid
formation by
Schizochytrium mangrovei
Sk-02 at low salt concentrations. Botanica Marine 49(2): 182-190
Unagul P, Assantachai C, Phadungruengluij S, Suphantharika M,
Tanticharoen M, Verduyn C (2007) Coconut water as a medium additive for
the production of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n3) by
Schizochytrium mangrovei
Sk-02. Bioresour Technol 98(2): 281-287
Unagul P, Assantachai C, Phadungruengluij S, Suphantharika M, Verduyn C
(2005) Properties of the docosahexaenoic acid-producer
Schizochytrium mangrovei Sk-02:
effects of glucose, temperature and salinity and their
interaction. Botanica Marina 48: 387-394
V
Valadon LRG (1976) Carotenoids as additional taxonomic characters
in fungi: a review. Trans Br Mycol Soc 67: 1-15
Valencia I, Ansorena D, Astiasaran I (2007) Development of dry
fermented sausages rich in docosahexaenoic acid with oil from the
microalgae
Schizochytrium
sp.: Influence on nutritional properties, sensorial quality and
oxidation stability. Food Chemistry 104(3): 1087-1096
van Beelen VA, Roeleveld J, Mooibroek H, Sijtsma L, Bino RJ, Bosch D,
Rietjens IM, Alink GM (2007) A comparative study on the effect of algal
and fish oil on viability and cell proliferation of Caco-2 cells.
Food
Chem Toxicol 45(5): 716-724
Vergeer LHT, den Hartog C (1994) Omnipresence of Labyrinthulaceae in
seagrasses. Aquat. Bot. 48: 1-20
Vishniac HS (1955) The nutritional requirements of isolates of
Labyrinthula spp. J Gen
Microbiol 12(3): 455-463 <
PDF>
Vishniac HS (1955) The activity of steroids as growth factors for a
Labyrinthula sp. J Gen
Microbiol 12(3): 464-472 <
PDF>
Vishniac HS (1957) The occurrence of cholesterol in
Labyrinthula. Biochim Biophys
Acta 26(2): 430-431
Vishniac HS, Watson SW (1953) The steroid requirements of
Labyrinthula vitellina var.
pacifica. J Gen Microbiol 8(2): 248-255 <
PDF>
Van de Peer Y, De Wachter R (1997) Evolutionary relationships among the
eukaryotic crown taxa taking into account site-to-site rate variation
in 18S rRNA. J Mol Evol 45(6): 619-630
Van de Peer Y, Van der Auwera G, De Wachter R (1996) The evolution of
stramenopiles and alveolates as derived by "substitution rate
calibration" of small ribosomal subunit RNA. J Mol Evol 42(2): 201-210
W
Wagner-Merner BT, Duncan WR, Lawrence JM (1980) Preliminary
comparison of Thraustochytriaceae in the guts of a regular and
irregular echinoid. Bot. Mar. 23: 95-97
Wahid MI, Bitoon SR, Fukunaga T, Yoshikawa T, Sakata T (2008)
Comparative study of leucine aminopeptidases from marine labyrinthulid
and thraustochytrid strains. Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ.,
Special Issue 26-33
<PDF>
Wahid MI, Yoshikawa T, Sakata T (2007) Bacteriolytic activity and
growth of marine isolates of labyrinthulids on dead bacterial
cells. Fisheries Science (Tokyo) 73(6): 1286-1294
Wahid MI, Yoshikawa T, Sakata T (2008) Purification and
characterization of leucine aminopeptidase from marine labyrinthulid
strain 00-Bat-05. Suisan Zoshoku 56: 1-8
Wallis JG, Watts JL, Browse J (2002) Polyunsaturated fatty acid
synthesis: what will they think of next? Trends Biochem Sci 27:467–473
Ward OP, Singh A (2005) Omega-3/6 fatty acids: alternative sources of
production. Process Biochem 40:3627–3652
Watanabe K, Nakahara T, Yokochi T, Mohara S, Yazawa K (2000) Production
of 13C-Labeled Docosahexaenoic Acid by a Thraustochytrid. Journal
of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 49: 1437-1442 <
Link>
Watson SW, Ordal EJ (1957) Techniques for the isolation of
Labyrinthula and
Thraustochytrium in pure culture. J
Bacteriol 73(4): 589-590
Watson SW, Raper KB (1957)
Labyrinthula
minuta n. sp. J Gen Microbiol 17: 368–377 <
PDF>
Weete JD, Kim H, Gandhi SR, Wang Y, Dute R (1997) Lipids and
ultrastructure of
Thraustochytrium
sp. ATCC 26185. Lipids 32(8): 839-845
Wethered JM, Jennings DH (1985) Major solutes contributing to solute
potential of
Thraustochytrium aureum
and
T. roseum after growth in
media of different salinities. Trans Br Mycol Soc 85: 439-446
Whyte SK, Cawthorn RJ, McGladdery SE (1994) QPX (Quahaug Parasite X), a
pathogen of northern quahaug
Mercenaria
mercenaria from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Dis
Aquat Org 19: 129–136
Wong MK, Tsui CK, Au DW, Vrijmoed LL (2008) Docosahexaenoic acid
production and ultrastructure of the thraustochytrid
Aurantiochytrium mangrovei MP2
under high glucose concentrations. Mycoscience 49(4): 266-270
Wong MKM, Vrijmoed LLP, Au DWT (2005) Abundance of thraustochytrids on
fallen decaying leaves of Kandelia candel and mangrove sediments in
Futian National Nature Reserve, China. Botanica Marina 48: 374–378
Wu ST, Yu ST, Lin LP (2005) Effect of culture conditions on
docosahexaenoic acid production by
Schizochytrium
sp. S31. Process Biochemistry 40(9): 3103-3108
Wu ST, Lin LP (2002) Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Succinic
Acid by
Schizochytrium sp.
S31. Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry 4: 62-66
Wu ST, Lin LP (2003) Application of Response Surface Methodology to
Optimize Docosahexaenoic Acid Production by
Schizochytrium sp. S31.
Journal of Food Biochemistry 27: 127-140
Wu K, Chai X (2003) Study on oxidative stability of lipid of
Thraustochytrium roseum.
Chinese Journal of Marine Drugs 22: 34-37
Wu K, Chai X, Yang L (2003) [Effects of phytohormones on growth and DHA
production by Thraustochytrium roseum] Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 43(1):
111-115
X
Y
Yaguchi T, Tanaka S, Yokochi
T, Nakahara T, Higashihara T (1997) Production of high yields of
docosahexaenoic acid by Schizochytrium sp. strain SR21. J Am Oil Chem
Soc 74:1431–1434
Yamaoka Y, Carmona ML, Jin K (2005) Blue light induces arsenate uptake
in the protist
Thraustochytrium.
Applied Organometallic Chemistry 19(2): 260-264 <
Link>
Yamaoka Y, Carmona ML, Oota S (2004) Grouwth and carotenoid
production of Thraustochytrium sp. CHN-1 cultured under superbright red
and blue light-emitting diodes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68: 1594-1597
Yamasaki T, Aki T, Mori Y, Yamamoto T, Shinozaki M, Kawamoto S, Ono K
(2007) Nutritional enrichment of larval fish feed with thraustochytrid
producing polyunsaturated fatty acids and xanthophylls. J Biosci Bioeng
104(3): 200-206
Yamasaki T, Aki T, Shinozaki M, Taguchi M, Kawamoto S, Ono K (2006)
Utilization of Shochu distillery wastewater for production of
polyunsaturated fatty acids and xanthophylls using thraustochytrid. J
Biosci Bioeng 102(4): 323-327
Yang HL, Lu CK, Chen SF, Chen YM, Chen YM (2009) Isolation and
Characterization of Taiwanese Heterotrophic Microalgae: Screening of
Strains for Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Production. Mar Biotechnol (NY)
(in press)
Yokochi T, Honda D, Higashihara T, Nakahara T (1998) Optimization of
docosaheaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 49:72–76
Yokochi T, Nakahara T (2001) Diversity of Labyrinthulomycota and
polyunsaturated fatty acids production. Aquabiology 23: 39-45 (in
Japanese)
Yokochi T, Nakahara T, Higashihara T, Yamaoka M, Kurane R (2001) A New
Isolation Method for Labyrinthulids Using a Bacterium, Psychrobacter
phenylpyruvicus. Mar Biotechnol 3: 68-73
Yokoyama R, Honda D (2007) Taxonomic rearrangement of the genus
Schizochytrium sensu lato
based on morphology, chemotaxonomic
characteristics, and 18S rRNA gene phylogeny (Thraustochytriaceae,
Labyrinthulomycetes): emendation for Schizochytrium and
erection of
Aurantiochytrium
and
Oblongichytrium gen.
nov. Micoscience 48: 199-211.
Yokoyama R, Salleh B, Honda D (2007) Taxonomic rearrangement of the
genus
Ulkenia sensu lato
based on morphology, chemotaxonomical
characteristics, and 18S rRNA gene phylogeny (Thraustochytriaceae,
Labyrinthulomycetes): emendation for
Ulkenia
and
erection
of Botryochytrium,
Parietichytrium and
Sicyoidochytrium gen. nov.
Micoscience 48: 329-341.
Yue CJ, Jiang Y (2009) Impact of methyl jasmonate on squalene
biosynthesis in microalga
Schizochytrium
mangrovei. Process
Biochemistry 44(8): 923-927
Z
Zhou L, Lu Y, Zhou M, Zhao X (2007) Enhanced Production of
Docosahexaenoic Acid Using
Schizochytrium
sp. by Optimization of Medium Components. Journal of Chemical
Engineering of Japan 40(12): 1093-1100
Zhou MH, Zhou L, Zhao XW, Yu LJ, Lin N (2006) Separation and
Identification of
Schizochytrium
sp. Microbiology (Beijing) 33(4): 48-51
Zhu L, Zhang X, Ren X, Zhu Q (2008) Effects of Culture Conditions on
Growth and Docosahexaenoic Acid Production from
Schizochytrium limacinum.
Ocean University of China 7(1): 83-92
Zhu L, Zhang X, Ji L. Song X,
Kuanga C (2007) Changes of lipid content and fatty acid composition of
Schizochytrium limacinum in
response to different temperatures and
salinities. Process Biochemistry 42: 210-214
<Link>
Zhukova NV, Kharlamenko VI (1999) Sources of essential fatty
acids in the marine micorobial loop. Aquat Microb
Ecol 17: 153-157
Zinnai A, Nesti U, Venturi F, Andrich G, Fiorentini R (2006) Estrazione
in fase supercritica di olio da
Schizochytrium
sp. Rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Grasse 83(1): 3-7
in Japanese
雪野 繼代 , 林 雅弘 , 井上 良計 , 今村 純子 , 長野 直樹 , 村田
寿(2005)ドコサヘキサエン酸富化スピルリナSpilurina platensisの調製と脂質特性.日本水産学会誌 71:
74-79